TROPICAL RAINFORESTS: Deforestation

Deforestation Figures for Selected
Countries

Countries

Afghanistan  |
Albania  |
Algeria  |
American
Samoa  |   Andorra  |
Angola  |
Anguilla  |
Antigua
and Barbuda  |   Argentina  |
Armenia  |
Aruba  |
Australia  |
Austria  |
Azerbaijan  |
Bahamas  |
Bahrain  |
Bangladesh  |
Barbados  |
Belarus  |
Belgium  |
Belize  |
Benin  |
Bermuda  |
Bhutan  |
Bolivia  |
Bosnia
and Herzegovina  |   Botswana  |
Brazil  |
Brunei  |
Brunei
Darussalam  |   Bulgaria  |
Burkina
Faso  |   Burundi  |
Cambodia  |
Cameroon  |
Canada  |
Cape
Verde  |   Caribbean  |
Cayman
Islands  |   Central
African Republic  |   Central
America  |   Chad  |
Chile  |
China  |
Colombia  |
Comoros  |
Congo  |
Costa
Rica  |   Cote
dÃIvoire  |   Croatia  |
Cuba  |
Cyprus  |
Czech
Republic  |   Denmark  |
Djibouti  |
Dominica  |
Dominican
Republic  |   DR
Congo  |   East
Timor  |   Ecuador  |
Egypt  |
El
Salvador  |   Equatorial
Guinea  |   Eritrea  |
Estonia  |
Ethiopia  |
Falkland
Islands  |   Fiji  |
Finland  |
France  |
French
Guiana  |   French
Polynesia  |   Gabon  |
Gambia  |
Georgia  |
Germany  |
Ghana  |
Greece  |
Greenland  |
Grenada  |
Guadeloupe  |
Guam  |
Guatemala  |
Guinea  |
Guinea-Bissau  |
Guyana  |
Haiti  |
Honduras  |
Hong
Kong  |   Hungary  |
Iceland  |
India  |
Indonesia  |
Iran  |
Iraq  |
Ireland  |
Israel  |
Italy  |
Jamaica  |
Japan  |
Jersey  |
Jordan  |
Kazakhstan  |
Kenya  |
Kiribati  |
Kuwait  |
Kyrgyzstan  |
Laos  |
Laos  |
Latvia  |
Lebanon  |
Lesotho  |
Liberia  |
Libya  |
Liechtenstein  |
Lithuania  |
Luxembourg  |
Macau  |
Macedonia  |
Madagascar  |
Malawi  |
Malaysia  |
Maldives  |
Mali  |
Malta  |
Marshall
Islands  |   Martinique  |
Mauritania  |
Mauritius  |
Mayotte  |
Mexico  |
Micronesia  |
Moldova  |
Monaco  |
Mongolia  |
Montserrat  |
Morocco  |
Mozambique  |
Myanmar  |
Namibia  |
Nauru  |
Nepal  |
Netherlands  |
Netherlands
Antilles  |   New
Caledonia  |   New
Zealand  |   Nicaragua  |
Niger  |
Nigeria  |
North
Korea  |   Northern
Mariana Islands  |   Norway  |
Oceania  |
Oman  |
Pakistan  |
Palau  |
Palestine  |
Panama  |
Papua
New Guinea  |   Paraguay  |
Peru  |
Philippines  |
Pitcairn  |
Poland  |
Portugal  |
Puerto
Rico  |   Qatar  |
Reunion  |
Romania  |
Russia  |
Russian
Federation  |   Rwanda  |
Saint
Helena  |   Saint
Lucia  |   Samoa  |
San
Marino  |   Sao
Tome and Principe  |   Saudi
Arabia  |   Senegal  |
Serbia
and Montenegro  |   Seychelles  |
Sierra
Leone  |   Singapore  |
Slovakia  |
Slovenia  |
Solomon
Islands  |   Somalia  |
South
Africa  |   South
America  |   South
Korea  |   Spain  |
Sri
Lanka  |   Sudan  |
Suriname  |
Swaziland  |
Sweden  |
Switzerland  |
Syria  |
Taiwan  |
Tajikistan  |
Tanzania  |
Thailand  |
Timor-Leste  |
Togo  |
Tokelau  |
Tonga  |
Trinidad
and Tobago  |   Tunisia  |
Turkey  |
Turkmenistan  |
Turks
and Caicos Islands  |   Tuvalu  |
Uganda  |
Ukraine  |
United
Arab Emirates  |   United
Kingdom  |   United
States  |   United
States of America  |   United
States Virgin Islands  |   Uruguay  |
Uzbekistan  |
Vanuatu  |
Venezuela  |
Viet
Nam  |   Vietnam  |
Virgin
Islands  |   Western
Sahara  |   Yemen  |
Zambia  |
Zimbabwe

Deforestation figures and charts

Tropical
Deforestation Rates [sortable]

Primary
Forest Deforestation Rates [sortable]

Country by
Country Deforestation Rates

Country Forest
Stats

Deforestation
Charts

Deforestation
Pictures | part
II

Summarized forest cover data including
emissions from deforestation (when available)

Afghanistan  |
Albania  |
Algeria  |
American
Samoa  |   Andorra  |
Angola  |
Anguilla  |
Antigua
and Barbuda  |   Argentina  |
Armenia  |
Aruba  |
Australia  |
Austria  |
Azerbaijan  |
Bahamas  |
Bahrain  |
Bangladesh  |
Barbados  |
Belarus  |
Belgium  |
Belize  |
Benin  |
Bermuda  |
Bhutan  |
Bolivia  |
Bosnia
and Herzegovina  |   Botswana  |
Brazil  |
British
Indian Ocean Territory  |   British
Virgin Islands  |   Brunei
Darussalam  |   Bulgaria  |
Burkina
Faso  |   Burundi  |
Cambodia  |
Cameroon  |
Canada  |
Cape
Verde  |   Cayman
Islands  |   Central
African Republic  |   Chad  |
Channel
Islands  |   Chile  |
China  |
Colombia  |
Comoros  |
Congo  |
Cook
Islands  |   Costa
Rica  |   CÃ´te
d'Ivoire  |   Croatia  |
Cuba  |
Cyprus  |
Czech
Republic  |   Democratic
Republic of the Congo  |   Denmark  |
Djibouti  |
Dominica  |
Dominican
Republic  |   Ecuador  |
Egypt  |
El
Salvador  |   Equatorial
Guinea  |   Eritrea  |
Estonia  |
Ethiopia  |
Faeroe
Islands  |   Falkland
Islands  |   Fiji  |
Finland  |
France  |
French
Guiana  |   French
Polynesia  |   Gabon  |
Gambia  |
Georgia  |
Germany  |
Ghana  |
Gibraltar  |
Greece  |
Greenland  |
Grenada  |
Guadeloupe  |
Guam  |
Guatemala  |
Guinea  |
Guinea-Bissau  |
Guyana  |
Haiti  |
Holy
See  |   Honduras  |
Hungary  |
Iceland  |
India  |
Indonesia  |
Iran  |
Iraq  |
Ireland  |
Isle
of Man  |   Israel  |
Italy  |
Jamaica  |
Japan  |
Jordan  |
Kazakhstan  |
Kenya  |
Kiribati  |
Kuwait  |
Kyrgyzstan  |
Laos  |
Latvia  |
Lebanon  |
Lesotho  |
Liberia  |
Libya  |
Liechtenstein  |
Lithuania  |
Luxembourg  |
Macedonia  |
Madagascar  |
Malawi  |
Malaysia  |
Maldives  |
Mali  |
Malta  |
Marshall
Islands  |   Martinique  |
Mauritania  |
Mauritius  |
Mayotte  |
Mexico  |
Micronesia  |
Moldova  |
Monaco  |
Mongolia  |
Montserrat  |
Morocco  |
Mozambique  |
Myanmar  |
Namibia  |
Nauru  |
Nepal  |
Netherlands  |
Netherlands
Antilles  |   New
Caledonia  |   New
Zealand  |   Nicaragua  |
Niger  |
Nigeria  |
Niue  |
North
Korea  |   Northern
Mariana Islands  |   Norway  |
Oman  |
Pakistan  |
Palau  |
Palestine  |
Panama  |
Papua
New Guinea  |   Paraguay  |
Peru  |
Philippines  |
Pitcairn  |
Poland  |
Portugal  |
Puerto
Rico  |   Qatar  |
RÃ©union  |
Romania  |
Russian
Federation  |   Rwanda  |
Saint
Helena  |   Saint
Kitts and Nevis  |   Saint
Lucia  |   Saint
Pierre and Miquelon  |   Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines  |   Samoa  |
San
Marino  |   Sao
Tome and Principe  |   Saudi
Arabia  |   Senegal  |
Serbia
and Montenegro  |   Seychelles  |
Sierra
Leone  |   Singapore  |
Slovakia  |
Slovenia  |
Solomon
Islands  |   Somalia  |
South
Africa  |   South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands  |
South
Korea  |   Spain  |
Sri
Lanka  |   Sudan  |
Suriname  |
Swaziland  |
Sweden  |
Switzerland  |
Syrian
Arab Republic  |   Tajikistan  |
Tanzania  |
Thailand  |
Timor-Leste  |
Togo  |
Tokelau  |
Tonga  |
Trinidad
and Tobago  |   Tunisia  |
Turkey  |
Turkmenistan  |
Turks
and Caicos Islands  |   Tuvalu  |
Uganda  |
Ukraine  |
United
Arab Emirates  |   United
Kingdom  |   United
States  |   United
States Virgin Islands  |   Uruguay  |
Uzbekistan  |
Vanuatu  |
Venezuela  |
Viet
Nam  |   Wallis
and Futuna Islands  |   Western
Sahara  |   Yemen  |
Zambia  |
Zimbabwe

Recent deforestation news articles
[from the deforestation
blog]

Sarawak
to cut down 1 million ha of rainforest for palm
oil

(12/14/2010) The government of Sarawak aims
to convert more than 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres) of
tropical forest by 2020, according to the Malaysian state's Land
Development Minister, James Masing.

The
problem-solving ape: what makes orangutans special and why they are
threatened

(12/13/2010) Michelle Desilets,
Executive Director of the Orangutan Land Trust, spoke with Laurel
Neme on her â€œThe WildLifeâ€ radio show and podcast about
orangutans. In the first part of her interview, they discussed
orangutan biology, habits and the interconnected threats, from the
pet trade to habitat loss and expansion of oil palm plantations,
facing these creatures. The second part covers the process of
rehabilitating orangutans and teaching them to be wild.

Logging,
palm oil giant hires U.S. ambassador as
lobbyist

(12/09/2010) Sinar Mas Group, the
sprawling Indonesian conglomerate that has interests in coal mining,
logging and wood-pulp production, palm oil plantations, real estate,
and other industries, has hired Cameron Hume, the former U.S.
ambassador to Indonesia, as an adviser, according to Detik.com.
Ambassador Hume stepped down from his post at the embassy in August.

George
Soros: save Indonesia's peatlands,
rainforests

(12/09/2010) Speaking at a high-level
event on the sidelines of climate talks in Cancun, Mexico, financier
and philanthropist George Soros made an impassioned call to protect
Indonesia's peatlands, the destruction and degradation of which are
the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions across the Southeast
Asian nation.

Saving
the maleo, a geothermal nesting bird, in
Sulawesi

(12/06/2010) More species are threatened
with extinction in Indonesia than any other country on Earth. If we
are to save them, it will take more protected areas, radical shifts
in deforestation, and better anti-poaching efforts, but in many
cases it will also take species-specific conservation efforts that
work directly with local people. The Alliance for Tompotika
Conservation (AlTo) is a model organization for this method, founder
Marcy Summers describes it as 'very small, community-based, and
efficient, with very low overhead.' By focusing on the wonderfully
bizarre maleo, a ground-dwelling bird on the island of Sulawesi, the
organization has succeeded in protecting a vital nesting area while
initiating a moratorium on the egg-harvesting, which once devastated
the species.

Saving
Sulawesi's 'pig-deer', the babirusa

(12/06/2010)
The babirusa of Sulawesi may be one of the world's oddest
lookingâ€”and actingâ€”mammals. Literally meaning 'pig-deer' the
babirusa, which includes four species, belongs to its own genus
'Babyrousa' in the pig family. Males are especially unique, sporting
four tusks, two of which appear to come right out of the animal's
snout. To make it to the top of the babirusa hierarchy, males will
combat each other in an activity dubbed 'boxing' where they will
rear up on their hind legs and club at each other. Despite their
many oddities, the babriusa were not formally studied until the late
1980s when Dr. Lynn Clayton spent four years in Sulawesi's forest
observing them.

Google
lends its massive computing cloud in fight against
deforestation

(12/03/2010) Google officially
launched Earth Engine, a technology platform that enables scientists
using the search giant's massive computing infrastructure to monitor
and measure environmental changes. A group of scientific partners is
already using the Earth Engine to track deforestation; map
vegetation, biodiversity and water resources; and analyze fire
patterns, but Google will open the platform to scientists around the
world.

2,700
sq km of Brazil's most endangered rainforest destroyed in 8
years

(12/03/2010) 270,000 hectares of the Mata
AtlÃ¢ntica, Brazil's most threatened ecosystem, was cleared between
2002 and 2008, reports a new assessment by the Brazilian Institute
of Environment and Natural Resources (IBAMA). Less than 8 percent of
the Atlantic forest—famed for its biodiversity—remains.

Brazil's
largest national bank signs zero deforestation pact for Amazon
soy

(12/03/2010) Banco do Brasil, Brazil's
largest state-owned bank, announced it has joined a zero
deforestation pact for soy grown in the Amazon. The bank will now
require farmers applying for credit to certify the origin of their
soybeans.

NASA
images reveal disappearing mangroves
worldwide

(12/01/2010) In August, NASA and the US
Geological Survey released the first-ever satellite analysis of the
world's mangrove ecosystems. What they found was dire: mangroves
covered 12.3% less area than previously estimated. Now, NASA has
released images of the world's mangrove ecosystems (see below),
which currently cover 137,760 square kilometers. Yet this number
keeps shrinking: mangroves are vanishing rapidly due to rising sea
levels, deforestation for coastal developments, agriculture and
aquaculture.

Brazil's
Amazon deforestation rate falls to lowest on
record

(12/01/2010) Deforestation in the
Brazilian Amazon fell to the lowest rate on record, putting Brazil
well on track to meet its targets for reducing rainforest
destruction. Analysis of satellite imagery by Brazilâ€™s National
Institute for Space Research (INPE) shows that 6,450 square
kilometers of rainforest were cleared in the Amazon in the 12 months
ended July 31, 2010, a 14 percent drop from the year earlier period.

Study:
REDD could save species from extinction, if
well-funded

(12/01/2010) The burgeoning global
program REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation) could do more than mitigate climate change, according
to a new study in Conservation Letters by scientists with
Conservation International (CI). Analyzing a sample of 2,500 forest
animals, including mammals, birds and amphibians, researchers found
that REDD+ could reduce the rate of extinction among these species
by 46-82% over five years. The wide range in the study's findings
depends on the amount of funds devoted to REDD+: more funds means
greater forest preservation and, thereby, less extinction.

Logging
concession could extinguish endangered Sumatran elephant
population

(11/30/2010) Local conservationists
are urging the Indonesian government to halt the destruction of a
42,000 hectare forest in the renowned Bukit Tigapuluh Forest
Landscape for a pulpwood plantation. According to researchers, the
forest concessionâ€”owned by PT Lestari Asri Jaya, a subsidiary of
Barito Pacific Groupâ€”contains the last population of Sumatran
elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in the Bukit Tigapuluh
and approximately 5% of the island's total population. In a letter
being sent to the Ministry of Forests, conservationists write that
the destruction of the forest "would immediately lead to local
extinction of elephants in Bukit Tigapuluh". They argue that given
its ecological importance, the PT Lestari Asri Jaya forest
concession should be placed under permanent protection.

Sarawak
to double oil palm plantations by focusing on native customary
forest

(11/30/2010) Sarawak plans to double its
oil palm estate by 2020, reports The Star.

Consumer
goods industry announces goal of zero deforestation in
Cancun

(11/30/2010) While governments continue to
stall on action to cut greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, global
corporations are promising big changes to tackle their
responsibilities. The Board of Consumer Goods Forum (BCGF) has
approved a resolution to achieve net zero deforestation by 2020 in
products such as palm oil, soy, beef, and paper. Announced yesterday
at the UN Climate Summit in Cancun, the BCGF has stated the goal
will be met both by individual actions within companies and
collective action, including partnerships with NGOs, development
banks, and governments. With such giants as Walmart, Unilever,
Carrefour, and General Mills, BCGF is made up of four hundred global
consumer goods manufacturers and retailers totaling over $2.8
trillion in revenue.

Pulp
plantations destroying Sumatra's
rainforests

(11/30/2010) Indonesia's push to
become the world's largest supplier of palm oil and a major pulp and
paper exporter has taken a heavy toll on the rainforests and
peatlands of Sumatra, reveals a new assessment of the island's
forest cover by WWF. The assessment, based on analysis of satellite
imagery, shows Sumatra has lost nearly half of its natural forest
cover since 1985. The island's forests were cleared and converted at
a rate of 542,000 hectares, or 2.1 percent, per year. More than 80
percent of forest loss occurred in lowland areas, where the most
biodiverse and carbon-dense ecosystems are found.

Slight
rise in mangrove forests in Eastern
India

(11/29/2010) While mangrove forests are
vanishing around the world, the Indian Ministry of Environment and
Forests is reporting a slight uptick of mangrove forests along the
nation's eastern coast. According to a report, mangroves expanded
from 4,581 square kilometers in 2005 to 4,639 square kilometers in
2007, an increase of 58 square kilometers.

Don't
ignore biodiversity when conserving carbon
stocks

(11/29/2010) A focus on conservation of
high carbon landscapes via the proposed REDD mechanism could come at
a detriment to biodiversity, argues a new paper published in
Carbon Balance and Management.

Plantations
on peatlands are huge source of carbon
emissions

(11/29/2010) Converting peatlands for
wood-pulp and oil palm plantations generates nearly 1,500 tons of
carbon dioxide per hectare, making these ostensibly "green" sources
of paper, vegetable oil and biofuels important drivers of climate
change, reports new research published by scientists at the Center
for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).

Leading
model undervalues true cost of reducing deforestation, says
report

(11/25/2010) A widely used representation
of greenhouse gas emissions abatement costs doesn't reflect the true
costs of forest conservation, making the proposed reducing emissions
from deforestation and degradation (REDD) mechanism seem cheaper
than it actually is, argues a new report from the Rainforest
Foundation UK.

Indonesia's
forest protection plan at risk, says
report

(11/25/2010) Industrial interests are
threatening to undermine Norway's billion dollar partnership with
Indonesia, potentially turning the forest conservation deal into a
scheme that subsidizes conversion of rainforests and peatlands for
oil palm and pulp and paper plantations, logging concessions, and
energy production, claims a new report from Greenpeace.

Good
stewards of forests at home outsource deforestation
abroad

(11/24/2010) As more nations adopt better
laws and policies to save and restore forests at home, they may, in
fact, be outsourcing deforestation to other parts of the world,
according to a new study in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Looking at six developing nations
where forests are recoveringâ€”instead of recedingâ€”the study found
only one of them did not outsource deforestation to meet local
demand for wood-products and food, a process known as 'leakage'.

Indonesian
logging company makes 'deceptive' claims on carbon conservation
project

(11/24/2010) A major wood-pulp company is
misleading the public over its commitment to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions through a carbon conservation project in Sumatra, claims
Greenomics, an Indonesian activist group.

Oil,
indigenous people, and Ecuador's big
idea

(11/23/2010) Ecuador's big
ideaâ€”potentially Earth-rattlingâ€”goes something like this: the
international community pays the small South American nation
not to drill for nearly a billion barrels of oil in a massive
block of Yasuni National Park. While Ecuador receives hundred of
millions in an UN-backed fund, what does the international community
receive? Arguably the world's most biodiverse rainforest is saved
from oil extraction, two indigenous tribes' requests to be left
uncontacted are respected, and some 400 million metric tons of CO2
is not emitted from burning the oil. In other words, the
international community is being asked to put money where its mouth
is on climate change, indigenous rights, and biodiversity loss.
David Romo Vallejo, professor at the University of San Francisco
Quito and co-director of Tiputini research station in Yasuni,
recently told mongabay.com in an interview that this is "the best
proposal so far made to ensure the protection of this incredible
site."

2009
carbon emissions higher than
expected

(11/22/2010) Despite a global economic
recession and ongoing concerns about the impacts of climate change,
last year's global carbon emissions were the second highest on
record, according to the Global Carbon Project (GCP). Emissions in
2009 were just below the record emissions of 2008. In addition, 2009
emissions were higher than predicted, falling by only 1.3% from 2008
to 2009, instead of the predicted 2.8%.

New
population of Critically Endangered monkey
discovered

(11/22/2010) Classified as Critically
Endangered by the IUCN Red List, listed among the Top 25 Most
Endangered primates in the world, and rated number 71 on the EDGE's
list of world's most endangered and unique mammals, the
yellow-tailed woolly monkey needed some good newsâ€”and this week it
got it. The conservation organization, Neotropical Primate
Conservation (NPC), has announced the discovery of an unknown
population of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Oreonax
flavicauda), buttressing hopes that the species will survive in
the long-term.

Photos:
wild, weird, and rare mammals storm the conservation
world

(11/21/2010) What do the New Zealand
greater short-tailed bat, the black-and-white ruffed lemur, and the
numbat have in common? They are all new members of the Zoological
Society of London's EDGE top 100 most endangered and unique mammals
list. Arguably the most innovative conservation program in the
world, EDGE decides which species to focus conservation efforts on
not based on popularity or fund-raising potential, but on
hard data, only working with species that are considered the most
endangered and evolutionarily distinct.

Bad
books: US paper products are breaking the law and devastating
rainforests

(11/18/2010) Everyone knows books
are made of paper, but few think of where that paper comes from.
However, two new reports may change that. Both the Rainforest Action
Network (RAN) and the World Resources Institute (WRI) have found
that some paper used in books, including popular children's books,
is linked to forest devastation in Indonesian, even targeting
endangered trees that have been harvested illegally.

Scientists
call upon Indonesia to recognize value of secondary
forests

(11/18/2010) A group of scientists have
called upon the governments of Indonesia and Norway to recognize the
conservation value of logged-over and "degraded" forests under their
partnership on reducing emissions from deforestation and
degradation. The letter urges the Indonesian government to extend
protection to forest areas that may not be pristine but still serve
as important carbon sinks, house endangered wildlife, and provide
livelihoods for communities.

Reforestation
effort launched in Borneo with nearly-extinct rhinos in
mind

(11/18/2010) The Rhino and Forest Fund (RFF)
has partnered with the Forestry Department of Sabah in northern
Borneo to launch a long-term reforestation project to aid Malaysia's
threatened species with particular emphasis on the Bornean rhino
(Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni), one of the world's
most imperiled big mammals. The reforestation project will be
occurring in and adjacent to Tabin Wildlife Reserve, which is
surrounded on all sides by oil palm plantations.

Extensive
logging, lemur hunting in Madagascar national park despite
moratorium

(11/16/2010) A biological survey in
Northeastern Madagascar has turned up evidence of extensive logging
in Masoala National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for
its biologically-rich rainforest. The findings suggest that
harvesting of valuable hardwoods—including rosewood, ebony, and
palissander—continues despite an official ban on the logging and
export of timber.

RSPO
to recognize secondary forests as conservation
priority

(11/12/2010) The Roundtable on
Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), a body that sets environmental
standards for palm oil production, has passed a resolution to
reconfirm that secondary and degraded forests can classified as High
Conservation Value (HCV) areas. The designation could increase the
area of forest conserved within oil palm plantations provided it has
high conservation significance, such as serving as habitat for
endangered species like orangutans, Sumatran tigers, and rhinos.

Video:
Amazon deforestation falls, degradation soars in
Sept

(11/12/2010) Mongabay.com's Rhett Butler
discusses the week in forests for Nov 12, 2010.

Brazil's
development bank announces $588m fund to reduce agricultural
emissions

(11/11/2010) Brazil's national
development bank launched a 1 billion reais ($588 million) fund that
will finance projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated
with agriculture, reports Reuters.

Local
efforts block attempt to ship illegal rosewood from
Madagascar

(11/10/2010) Authorities in Madagascar
successfully blocked an attempt to ship illegally logged rosewood
from the port of Vohemar over the weekend, according to local
reports. The incident, while isolated, suggests citizens, the Waters
and Forests Administration, local media, and shipping companies are
having an impact on slowing the rosewood trade that has devastated
Madagascar's rainforest parks, wildlife, and rural communities.

Photos:
surprises discovered in tiny forest fragment surrounded by palm oil

(11/10/2010) Researchers have uncovered an
astounding number of species in a tiny protected forest fragment
surrounded on all side by palm oil plantations in the Indonesian
island of Sumatra. Researchers with the Zoological Society of London
(ZSL), Queen Mary, University of London and the Durrell Institute of
Conservation and Ecology (DICE â€“ University of Kent) recorded sun
bear (Helarctos malayanus), Malayan tapir (Tapirus
indicus), the banded langur (Presbytis femoralis), and
agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis), but most notable, was the
first record ever of the Ridley's leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros
ridleyi) in Sumatra. The discoveries highlight the importance of
preserving even small forest fragments surrounded by agriculture.

Belize
lost 10,000 ha of forest per year since
1980

(11/07/2010) Forests in Belize have been
cleared at a rate of nearly 10,000 hectares per year for the past 30
years, a recent study shows. In 1980, forests covered 79.5% of the
land surface of Belize but as of February 2010 it had decreased to
62.7%. The area covered by forests in the country thus went from
about 6500 square miles 30 years ago to around 5300 square miles
today, losing an area the size of Rhode Island.

Will
biodiversity agreement save life on
Earth?

(11/07/2010) On Friday, October 29th, 193
member nations of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
reached a possibly landmark agreement on saving the world's
suffering biodiversity in Nagoya, Japan. The agreement was
especially notable after nations failedâ€”by all accountsâ€”to live
up to the goals from the previous CBD agreement, including stemming
the global loss of biodiversity by 2010. According to scientists,
the world's species continue to vanish at mass-extinction rates due
to habitat loss, deforestation, overconsumption, pollution, climate
change, and invasive species. To addresses this crisis the new CBD
agreement sets out 20 goals for 2020. But given the global
challenges in saving the world's species and the lack-of-teeth in
agreement (it is strictly voluntary), will the CBD make a difference
or in ten years time will goals be again unmet and life on planet
Earth worse off than ever? To answer this mongabay.com turned to a
number of experts in the conservation world.

Mato
Grosso moves to strip protection of the Amazon
rainforest

(11/07/2010) The Mato Grosso state
assembly passed a bill that would substantially reduce protections
for the Amazon rainforest and the Pantanal, a biologically-rich
wetland, according to a statement signed by 27 organizations. The
bill, which was approved 19 votes to one, would replace the
ecological zoning system proposed by the state's former governor,
Blairo Maggi, after three years of consultations with a wide range
of stakeholders. The bill reduces areas set aside for conservation
by 73 percent and calls for a 67 percent increase in the area zoned
for agriculture intensification.

Deforestation
falls, but rainforest damage surges in Brazil in
Sept

(11/06/2010) Despite the worst drought on
record in the region, deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon during
September fell by 20 percent relative to September 2009, reports
Imazon, a research institute that provides monthly updates on forest
clearing.

Video:
Dutch to ban unsustainable palm oil by
2015

(11/05/2010) Mongabay.com's Rhett Butler
reviews what happened this week in forest news, including the
decision by The Netherlands to ban non-certified palm oil from its
markets in 2015.

Asia
Pulp & Paper's emissions from paper production 500 times higher
than claimed

(11/04/2010) Asia Pulp & Paper
is misrepresenting the greenhouse gas emissions generated through
its paper production by several orders of magnitude claims a new
analysis of its carbon footprint by the Rainforest Action Network
(RAN) and the Japan Tropical Forest Action Network (JATAN).

Tropical
agriculture "double-whammy": high emissions, low
yields

(11/02/2010) Food produced in the tropics
comes with high carbon emissions and low crop yields, according to a
new study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences (PNAS). In the most comprehensive and detailed study to
date looking at carbon emissions versus crop yields, researchers
found that food produced in the tropics releases almost double the
amount of carbon while producing half the yield as food produced in
temperate regions. In other words, temperate food production is
three times more efficient in terms of yield and carbon emissions.

Illegal
logging rampant in Vietnam

(11/01/2010) Illegal
logging is rampant in Vietnam, according to a new report from the
the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development's General Forestry
Department.

Nobel
Prize winner, anti-poverty group, scientists fire back at logging
lobbyist

(11/01/2010) An industrial lobbyist is
facing mounting criticism for his campaign to reduce social and
environmental safeguards in Indonesia.

Epidemic
hits Amazonian indigenous group

(10/31/2010) An
epidemic, suspected to be malaria, has struck down dozens of people
of the Yanomami tribe in the Venezuelan Amazon, reports the
Associated Press. Leaders of the three impacted village told health
workers that approximately 50 people have died so far, many of them
children.

Embattled
palm oil company seeks redemption from certification
body

(10/30/2010) Golden Agri-Resources (GAR) and
its subsidiaries, Indonesia-based PT Sinar Mas Agro Resources &
Technology (SMART) and PT Ivo Mas Tunggal, had submitted plans for
coming into compliance with the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil,
a certification body for "greener" palm oil, reports Dow Jones.

Villagers
beat, ride on, and kill baby elephant

(10/28/2010) A video camera has captured
villagers in the Indian state of Assam, beating, riding on, and
eventually spearing a three-year-old elephant to death that had been
abandoned by its herd after suffering an injury. The footage,
available from New Delhi Television (NDTV) [warning: it is graphic],
shows policemen standing by as the animal is killed. The incident
took place a day after the Asian elephant was declared a National
Heritage Animal status by Indian authorities, granting it special
cultural status.

Undergrads
in the Amazon: American students witness beauty and crisis in Yasuni
National Park, Ecuador

(10/28/2010) Although
most Americans have likely seen photos and videos of the world's
largest rainforest, the Amazon, they will probably never see it
face-to-face. For many, the Amazon seems incredibly remote: it is a
dim, mysterious place, a jungle surfeit in adventure and
beautyâ€”but not a place to take a family vacation or spend a
honeymoon. This means that the destruction of the Amazon, like the
rainforest itself, also appears distant when seen from Oregon or
North Carolina or Pennsylvania. Oil spills in Ecuador, cattle
ranching in Brazil, hydroelectric dams in Peru: these issues are
low, if not non-existent, for most Americans. But a visit to the
Amazon changes all that. This was recently confirmed to me when I
traveled with American college students during a trip to far-flung
Yasuni National Park in Ecuador. As a part of a study abroad program
with the University of San Francisco in Quito and the Galapagos
Academic Institute for the Arts and Sciences (GAIAS), these students
spend a semester studying ecology and environmental issues in
Ecuador, including a first-time visit to the Amazon rainforest at
Tiputini Biodiversity Station in Yasuniâ€”and our trips just
happened to overlap.

Scientists
blast greenwashing by front groups

(10/27/2010) A
group of prominent scientists has published an open letter
challenging the objectivity of World Growth International, an NGO
that claims to operate on behalf of the world's poor, and its leader
Alan Oxley, a former trade diplomat who also chairs ITS Global, a
marketing firm. The letter, published online in several forums,
slams World Growth and ITS Global as a front groups for forestry
companies. The scientists note that while the groups have not
disclosed their sources of funding, they assert ITS receives funding
from Sinar Mas, an Indonesian conglomerate that controls Asia Pulp
& Paper (APP), a forest products brand, and Sinar Mas Agro
Resources & Technology, a palm oil firm, among other companies.

Norway
calls for other nations to step up in fight against deforestation in
Indonesia

(10/27/2010) On Monday, Norway's
Environment Minister called for the US, Japan, and the EU to open
their pocket books to support Indonesia's drive to stop
deforestation, according to Reuters. Norway has pledged $1 billion
to Indonesia in an effort to stop rampant deforestation mostly due
to industrial logging and the establishment of commercial
plantations for palm oil and paper production.

Picture:
new monkey discovered in Myanmar

(10/26/2010)
Hunters' reports have led scientists to discover a new species of
monkey in the northern forests of Myanmar. Discovered by biologists
from the Myanmar Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association
with support from primatologists with Fauna & Flora
International (FFI) and the People Resources and Biodiversity
Foundation, the strange looking primate is a member of the
snub-nosed monkey family, adding a fifth member to this unmistakably
odd-looking group of Asian primates. However, the species survives
in only a small single population, threatened by Chinese logging and
hunting.

The
march to extinction accelerates

(10/26/2010) A
fifth of the world's vertebrate species (i.e. mammals, birds,
reptiles, amphibians, and fish) are threatened with extinction,
according to a massive new study by the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN); and the situation is worsening for
the world's wildlife: on average 52 species of mammals, birds, and
amphibians move one category closer to extinction every year (the
IUCN Red List categorizes species as Least Concern, Near Threatened,
Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, Extinct in the Wild,
and then Extinct). However, the news isn't all bad. The study found
that conservation action does work: in the first analysis of its
kind, researchers found that the global biodiversity decline would
have been 18% worse if not for conservation attention,
"nonetheless," the authorsâ€”174 scientists from 38
countriesâ€”write, "current conservation efforts remain insufficient
to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss." According to the
study, these drivers include agricultural expansion, logging,
over-exploitation of species, and invasive species.

The
$1M bed: why Madagascar's rainforests are being
destroyed

(10/26/2010) Consumer demand for
rosewood furniture and musical instruments is driving illegal
logging in Madagascar's national parks, endangering wildlife and
undermining local community livelihoods, according to a new report
from the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Global
Witness. The report, based on more than a year of investigations,
shows that Madagascar's valuable hardwoods—including ebony,
pallisander, and rosewood—are being illegally harvested from
rainforest parks and trafficked to Asia, Europe, and the United
States. The vast majority of timber however ends up in China, where
it is converted into luxury furniture.

Brazil
to impose levy on oil profits to fund climate change adaption,
mitigation

(10/26/2010) Brazil will fund climate
change mitigation and adaption projects through a levy on domestic
oil production, reports Reuters.

Brazil's
national development bank found guilty of driving Amazon
deforestation

(10/25/2010) BNDES, Brazil's
national development bank, contributed to Amazon deforestation by
lending billions of dollars to commercial meatpackers, driving
expansion of cattle ranching across the world's largest rainforest,
ruled an audit by the Federal Audit Court.

Misleading
claims from a palm oil lobbyist

(10/23/2010) In
an editorial published October 9th in the New Straits Times ("Why
does World Bank hate palm oil?"), Alan Oxley, a former Australian
diplomat who now serves as a lobbyist for logging and plantation
companies, makes erroneous claims in his case against the World Bank
and the International Finance Corp (IFC) for establishing stronger
social and environmental criteria for lending to palm oil companies.
It is important to put Mr. Oxley's editorial in the context of his
broader efforts to reduce protections for rural communities and the
environment.

Video:
Wal-mart takes on deforestation

(10/23/2010)
Mongabay.com's Rhett Butler provides an update on the forest news
for the week ending October 22, 2010.

Foreign
corporations devastating Papua New Guinea
rainforests

(10/21/2010) A letter in
Nature from seven top scientists warns that Papua New
Guinea's accessible forest will be lost or heavily logged in just
ten to twenty years if swift action isn't taken. A potent mix of
poor governance, corruption, and corporate disregard is leading to
the rapid loss of Papua New Guinea's much-heralded rainforests, home
to a vast array of species found no-where else in the world. "Papua
New Guinea has some of the world's most biologically and culturally
rich forests, and theyâ€™re vanishing before our eyes," author
William Laurance of James Cook University in Cairns, Australia, said
in a statement.

Photos:
ants take top prize at Veolia Wildlife Environment Photography
contest

(10/21/2010) An image of nocturnal ant
silhouettes systematically devouring a leaf in Costa Rica has given
Hungarian photographer, Bence MÃ¡tÃ©, the much-coveted Veolia
Wildlife Environment Photographer of the Year award. In addition to
being named Photographer of the year, MÃ¡tÃ© also won the Erik
Hosking award, given to a young photographer (ages 18-26) for a
portfolio of images, for images taken in Costa Rica, Brazil, and
Hungary.

Corporations,
conservation, and the green movement

(10/21/2010)
The image of rainforests being torn down by giant bulldozers, felled
by chainsaw-wielding loggers, and torched by large-scale developers
has never been more poignant. Corporations have today replaced
small-scale farmers as the prime drivers of deforestation, a shift
that has critical implications for conservation. Until recently
deforestation has been driven mostly by povertyâ€”poor people in
developing countries clearing forests or depleting other natural
resources as they struggle to feed their families. Government
policies in the â€™60s, â€™70s, and â€™80s had a multiplier effect,
subsidizing agricultural expansion through low-interest loans,
infrastructure projects, and ambitious colonization schemes,
especially in the Amazon and Indonesia. But over the past two
decades, this has changed in many countries due to rural
depopulation, a decline in state-sponsored development projects, the
rise of globalized financial markets, and a worldwide commodity
boom. Deforestation, overfishing, and other forms of environmental
degradation are now primarily the result of corporations feeding
demand from international consumers. While industrial actors exploit
resources more efficiently and cause widespread environmental
damage, they also are more sensitive to pressure from consumers and
environmental groups. Thus in recent years, it has become
easierâ€”and more ethicalâ€”for green groups to go after
corporations than after poor farmers.

Photos:
three new forest frogs discovered in
Tanzania

(10/19/2010) Africa's most biodiverse
nation, Tanzania, has added a few more species to its dockets.
Researchers have discovered three new amphibians in the always
surprising Eastern Arc Mountains, a region which has supplied a
number of new species recently. All three new species are members of
the frog genus Callulina. Described in the Zoological Journal of
the Linnean Society the researchers warn that all three of the
new frogs are confined to small habitats threatened by deforestation
and firewood collection.

Walmart
takes on Amazon deforestation

(10/18/2010) The
world's largest retailer last week announced new sourcing criteria
for commodities closely associated with deforestation: palm oil and
beef from the Amazon.

Malaysia/Indonesia
partnership proposed to counter environmental complaints over palm
oil

(10/18/2010) Malaysia and Indonesia should
establish "a joint council based in Europe and the United States" to
boost the image of palm oil and counter criticism from environmental
and human rights groups, a Malaysian minister told Malaysia state
press.

Majority
of Americans confused on climate change
basics

(10/17/2010) Most Americans don't
understand the basics of climate change, according to a new poll by
researchers with Yale. The poll found that over half of Americans
deserve an 'F' on basic understanding of climate science and climate
change, while only 1% would receive an 'A'.

The
ultimate bike trip: the Amazon
rainforest

(10/17/2010) Like all commercial roads
through rainforests, the 5,300 kilometer long Rodovia Transamazonica
(in English, the Trans-Amazonia), brought two things: people and
environmental destruction. Opening once-remote areas of the Amazon
to both legal and illegal development, farmers, loggers, and miners
cut swathes into the forest now easily visible from satellite. But
the road has also brought little prosperity: many who live there are
far from infrastructure and eek out an impoverished existence in a
harsh lonely wilderness. This is not a place even the most
adventurous travelers go, yet Doug Gunzelmann not only traveled the
entirety of the Transamazonica in 2009, he cycled it. A
self-described adventurer, Gunzelmann chose to bike the
Transamazonica as a way to test his endurance on a road which only a
few before have completed. But Gunzelmann wasn't just out for
adrenaline-rushes, he was also deeply interested in the
environmental issues related to the Transamazonica. What he found
was a story without villains, but only humansâ€”and the Amazon
itselfâ€”trying to survive in a complex, confusing world.

Video:
New carnivorous swamp beast discovered in
Madagascar

(10/15/2010) Mongabay.com's Rhett
Butler provides an update on the forest news for the week ending
October 15, 2010.

Video:
camera trap catches bulldozer clearing Sumatran tiger habitat for
palm oil

(10/14/2010) Seven days after footage
of a Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) was taken by a
heat-trigger video camera trap, the camera captured a bulldozer
clearing the Critically Endangered animal's habitat. Taken by the
World Wildlife Fundâ€”Indonesia (WWF), the video provides clear
evidence of forest destruction for oil palm plantations in Bukit
Batabuh Protected Forest, a protected area since 1994.

Satellites
show fragmented rainforests significantly drier than intact
forest

(10/13/2010) A new study in Biological
Conservation has shown that edge forests and forest patches are more
vulnerable to burning because they are drier than intact forests.
Using eight years of satellite imagery over East Amazonia, the
researchers found that desiccation (extreme dryness) penetrated
anywhere from 1 to 3 kilometers into forests depending on the level
of fragmentation.

Humanity
consuming the Earth: by 2030 we'll need two
planets

(10/13/2010) Too many people consuming
too much is depleting the world's natural resources faster than they
are replenished, imperiling not only the world's species but risking
the well-being of human societies, according to a new massive study
by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), entitled the Living Planet Report.
The report finds that humanity is currently consuming the equivalent
of 1.5 planet Earths every year for its activities. This
overconsumption has caused biodiversityâ€”in this case,
representative populations of vertebrate animalsâ€”to fall by 30
percent worldwide since 1970. The situation is more dire in tropical
regions where terrestrial species' populations have fallen by 60
percent and freshwater species by 70 percent.

Brazil
to auction off large blocks of Amazon rainforest for
logging

(10/12/2010) Brazil will auction large
blocks of the Amazon rainforest to private timber companies as part
of an effort to reduce demand for illegal logging, reports Reuters.
The government will grant 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres) of
logging concessions by the end of the year, according to Antonio
Carlos Hummel, head of Brazil's National Forestry Service. Within
four to five years, 11 million hectares will be auctioned.

Farms
in the sky, an interview with Dickson
Despommier

(10/12/2010) To solve today's
environmental crisesâ€”climate change, deforestation, mass
extinction, and marine degradationâ€”while feeding a growing
population (on its way to 9 billion) will require not only thinking
outside the box, but a "new box altogether" according to Dr. Dickson
Despommier, author of the new book, The Vertical Farm. Exciting
policy-makers and environmentalists, Despommier's bold idea for
skyscrapers devoted to agriculture is certainly thinking outside the
box.

Can
'boutique capitalism' help protect the
Amazon?

(10/11/2010) Most companies talk green,
but fewâ€”almost none in factâ€”actually walk the walk. Sustainable
design company, Ecostasy, not only walks the walk, but actually
seeks out among the most challenging places to work: the imperiled
Brazilian Amazon. Specializing in hand-crafted products by
indigenous groupsâ€”such as jewelry, pots, and furnitureâ€”Ecostasy
seeks to balance smart economics, environmental protection, and
community development. Make no mistake, however, Ecostasy is not a
non-profit, but a rare and refreshing example of a company truly
dedicated to changing the world for the better. "In my mind, a
virtuous company does not compromise ethical principles for economic
interests. For me, being ethical is comprised of conducting oneself
with honesty and responsibility to oneâ€™s constituencies
(customers, employees, suppliers), society and the environment,"
Katherine Ponte, founder of Ecostasy, told mongabay.com in an
interview.

Brazil
to launch new deforestation monitoring system that 'sees' through
clouds

(10/11/2010) Brazil will launch a new high
resolution deforestation monitoring system that will be capable of
detecting forest clearing under cloudy conditions.

Photos:
Massive logjam in Borneo blocks Malaysia's longest
river

(10/10/2010) A massive 50-km-long (30-mi)
logjam has blocked the Rajang river in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo,
bringing river traffic to a standstill and posing a threat to
riverbank communities, reports Malaysian state media, Bernama. The
Rajang, Malaysia's longest river, is presently unnavigable,
according to Bernama. The source of the logs and debris is believed
to be the Baleh River and upper tributaries of the Rajang. Heavy
rain reportedly triggered a landslide or landslides at log ponds at
a major timber camp.

Death
toll rises in New Guinea flash floods linked to
deforestation

(10/09/2010) The death toll from
flash floods in Wasior, West Papua has now topped 100, reports the
Jakarta Post.

Video:
Global deforestation slows

(10/09/2010)
Mongabay.com's Rhett Butler provides an update on the forest news
for the week ending October 8, 2010.

Rainforest
loss slows

(10/07/2010) Deforestation rates in
tropical countries dropped significantly during the first decade of
the 21st century relative to the 1990s, reveals new data released by
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
FAO figures show deforestation across 121 tropical countries
averaged 9.34 million hectares per year between 2000 and 2010, down
from 11.33 million hectares per year in the 1990s. The decline has
accelerated since 2005 due Brazil's dramatic reduction of
deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, which peaked at 27,772 square
kilometers in 2004 but is expected to come in at less than 8,000 for
2010.

Loss
of old growth forest continues

(10/06/2010) A new
global assessment of forest stocks by the U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) shows continuing loss of primary forests since
2005 despite gains in the extent of protected areas. FAO's Global
Forest Resources Assessment 2010 reveals some 13 million hectares of
forest were cleared between 2000 and 2010, down from around 16
million hectares per year during the 1990s. Loss of primary
forest—mostly a consequence of logging—averaged 4.2 million hectares
per year, down from 4.7 million hectares per year in the 1990s.

The
NestlÃ© example: how responsible companies could end deforestation

(10/06/2010) The NGO, The Forest Trust (TFT),
made international headlines this year after food giant NestlÃ©
chose them to monitor their sustainability efforts. NestlÃ©'s move
followed a Greenpeace campaign that blew-up into a blistering
free-for-all on social media sites. For months Nestle was dogged
online not just for sourcing palm oil connected to deforestation in
Southeast Asiaâ€”the focus of Greenpeace's campaignâ€”but for a
litany of perceived social and environmental abuses and NestlÃ©'s
reactions, which veered from draconian to clumsy to stonily silent.
The announcement on May 17th that NestlÃ© was bending to demands to
rid its products of deforestation quickly quelled the storm. Behind
the scenes, NestlÃ© and TFT had been meeting for a number of weeks
before the partnership was made official. But can TFT ensure
consumers that NestlÃ© is truly moving forward on cutting
deforestation from all of its products?

Losing
nature's medicine cabinet

(10/04/2010) In all the
discussions of saving the world's biodiversity from extinction, one
point is often and surprisingly forgotten: the importance of the
world's species in providing humankind with a multitude of
life-saving medicines so far, as well as the certainty that more
vital medications are out there if only we save the unheralded
animals and plants that contain cures unknown. Already, species have
provided humankind everything from quinine to aspirin, from morphine
to numerous cancer and HIV-fighting drugs. "As the ethnobotanist Dr.
Mark Plotkin commented, the history of medicine can be written in
terms of its reliance on and utilization of natural products,"
physician Christopher Herndon told mongabay.com. Herndon is
co-author of a recent paper in the journal Biotropica, which calls
for policy-makers and the public to recognize how biodiversity
underpins not only ecosystems, but medicine.

Unsure
of domestic wood origin, some Brazilian furniture makers begin
importing U.S. timber

(10/04/2010)
Export-oriented Brazilian furniture manufacturers are importing
certified timber from the United States rather than using wood of
questionable origin produced domestically, reports the
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) in its
bimonthly update.

Video:
Forest report for Oct 1, 2010

(10/02/2010) The
top forest news story of the week was the deepening conflict between
Asia Pulp & Paper, an Indonesia based forestry company, and
Greenpeace, an Activist group. On Sunday APP published a report
claiming to exonerate it from charges that it illegally cleared
rainforest and peatlands in Sumatra.

Free
availability of satellite imagery has boosted deforestation
monitoring applications, but risk of data gap
looms

(09/29/2010) In recent years there has been
an explosion in the number of satellite-based monitoring
applications and technologies, which is perhaps best exemplified in
the eyes of the public by Google Earth, which allows anyone with a
decent internet connection to view overhead images of nearly any
place on Earth. But these new applications are also helping
scientists more effectively monitor environmental change, including
the fluctuations in polar sea ice, shifts in oceanic plankton, and
deforestation. An important factor in the expanded use of satellite
imagery has been the U.S. government's free Landsat Data
Distribution Policy, which allows free or inexpensive access to data
captured by Landsat satellites, which have been collected data on a
regular basis since 1972. But the Landsat program is not presently
operating at its full capacity, increasing the risk of a 'data gap'
before a new system is in place in 2012.

Fighting
poachers, going undercover, saving wildlife: all in a day's work for
Arief Rubianto

(09/29/2010) Arief Rubianto, the
head of an anti-poaching squad on the Indonesian island of Sumatra
best describes his daily life in this way: "like mission
impossible". Don't believe me? Rubianto has fought with illegal
loggers, exchanged gunfire with poachers, survived four days without
food in the jungle, and even gone undercoverâ€”posing as a buyer of
illegal wildlife productsâ€”to infiltrate a poaching operation.
While many conservationists work from officesâ€”sometimes thousands
of miles away from the area they are striving to protectâ€”Rubianto
works on the ground (in the jungle, in flood rains, on rock faces,
on unpredictable seas, and at all hours of the day), often risking
his own life to save the incredibly unique and highly imperiled
wildlife of Sumatra.

Rivers
worldwide in peril: society treats symptoms, ignores
causes

(09/29/2010) Dams, agricultural runoff,
pesticides, sewage, mercury pollution from coal plants, invasive
species, overconsumption, irrigation, erosion from deforestation,
wetland destruction, overfishing, aquaculture: it's clear that the
world's rivers are facing a barrage of unprecedented impacts from
humans, but just how bad is the situation? A new global analysis of
the world's rivers is not comforting: the comprehensive report,
published in Nature, finds that our waterways are in a deep
crisis which bridges the gap between developing nations and the
wealthy west. According to the study, while societies spend billions
treating the symptoms of widespread river degradation, they are
still failing to address the causes, imperiling both human
populations and freshwater biodiversity.

Asia
Pulp & Paper fumbles response to deforestation allegations by
Greenpeace

(09/28/2010) A new audit that seems to
exonerate Asia Pulp & Paper from damaging logging practices in
Indonesia was in fact conducted by the same people that are running
its PR efforts, raising questions about the much maligned company's
commitment to cleaning up its operations. The audit slams
Greenpeace, the activist group that accused Asia Pulp & Paper
(APP) of illegal and destructive logging in Sumatra in its July 2010
report, How Sinar Mas is Pulping the Planet. It runs through each of
the claims laid out in the Greenpeace report, arguing some are
speculative or improperly cited. But the audit doesn't actually deny
that APP is clearing forests and peatlands for pulp plantations. In
fact, the audit effectively confirms that the company is indeed
engaged in conversion of 'deep' peat areas, but argues that this
activity isn't illegal under Indonesian law.

Mass
extinction fears widen: 22 percent of world's plants endangered

(09/28/2010) Scientific warnings that the world
is in the midst of a mass extinction were bolstered today by the
release of a new study that shows just over a fifth of the world's
known plants are threatened with extinctionâ€”levels comparable to
the Earth's mammals and greater than birds. Conducted by the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew; the Natural History Museum, London; and the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the study
is the first time researchers have outlined the full threat level to
the world's plant species. In order to estimate overall threat
levels, researchers created a Sampled Red List Index for Plants,
analyzing 7,000 representative species, including both common and
rare plants.

Discovery
of new population boosts almost-extinct Colombian bird

(09/28/2010) The Baudo oropendola
(Psarocolius cassini) has gone from less than a dozen known
individuals to nearly a hundred due to the discovery of two new
colonies in northwestern Colombia by local conservation group,
FundaciÃ³n ProAves. However, the new colonies are located in an
unprotected area currently being impacted by deforestation. George
Fenwick, president of American Bird Conservancy which focuses on
bird conservation, said in a press release that his organization "is
thrilled to have helped fund the research expedition that led to
this stunning discovery of these two new colonies of this rare bird.
Now we need to work with ProAves to conserve and protect them."

Ugandan
forest being stripped for fuel wood

(09/27/2010)
A new study in the open access journal of Tropical Conservation
Science finds that the Kasagala forest reserve in central Uganda
is losing important tree species and suffering from low diversity of
species. Researchers believe that forest degradation for charcoal
and firewood has put heavy pressure on this ecosystem.

Into
the Congo: saving bonobos means aiding left-behind communities, an
interview with Gay Reinartz

(09/23/2010) Unlike
every other of the world's great apesâ€”the gorilla, chimpanzee, and
orangutanâ€”saving the bonobo means focusing conservation efforts on
a single nation, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. While such a
fact would seem to simplify conservation, according to the director
of the Bonobo and Congo Biodiversity Initiative (BCBI), Gay
Reinartz, it in fact complicates it: after decades of one of world's
brutal civil wars, the DRC remains among the world's most
left-behind nations. Widespread poverty, violence, politically
instability, corruption, and lack of basic infrastructure have left
the Congolese people in desperate straits.

Eco-friendly
palm oil initiative censures company linked to
deforestation

(09/23/2010) The Roundtable On
Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), a body the sets standards for
eco-friendly palm oil production, on Thursday said Indonesian palm
oil producer Sinar Mas Agro Resources and Technology (SMART)
breached its sustainability criteria and faces expulsion, reports
AFP.

Another
food goliath falls to palm oil
campaign

(09/22/2010) One of the world's biggest
food makers, General Mills, has pledged to source only sustainable
and responsible palm oil within five years time. With this
announcement, General Mills becomes only the most recent food giant
to pledge to move away from problematic sources of palm oil, which
is used in everything from processed foods to health and beauty
products. Nestle made a similar pledge earlier this year after a
brutalizing social media campaign that lasted for months while
Unilever, the world's biggest palm oil buyer, has been working
closely with green groups for years.

Will
Brazil Change its Forest Code â€“ and Kill the Amazon
rainforest?

(09/22/2010) Many credit Brazil’s
75-year old Forest Code with helping to slow destruction of the
Amazon Rainforest, but an unlikely amalgamation of right-wing and
left-wing politicians are trying to gut the law. In this first of
two articles, Ecosystem Marketplace examines the state of the
debate. In the second part, Ecosystem Marketplace takes a look at
the law's implications for the Amazon – and for the forest-carbon
marketplace in Brazil.

Peru
weighs deporting rainforest defender after 20 years in the
Amazon

(09/22/2010) There are very few times in
life that you get to see a priest on a motorcycle. Fewer still that
same-said priest zips off from a training session on REDD and
forestry law back to his school for Indigenous youths located in the
heartland of the Amazon, next to a prison and down the road from the
rapidly growing city-center of Iquitos, Peru.

How the
overlooked peccary engineers the Amazon, an interview with Harald
Beck

(09/20/2010) When people think of the
Amazon rainforest, they likely think of roaring jaguars, jumping
monkeys, marching ants, and squeezing anacondas. The humble peccary
would hardly be among the first animals to cross their mind, if they
even know such pig-like animals exists! Yet new research on the
peccary is proving just how vital these species are to the world's
greatest rainforest. As seed dispersers and seed destroyers,
engineers of freshwater habitats and forest gaps, peccaries play an
immense, long overlooked, role in the rainforest. "Peccaries have
the highest density and biomass of any Neotropical mammal species.
Obviously these fellows have quite an appetite for almost anything,
but primarily they consume fruits and seeds. Their specialized jaws
allow them to crush very hard seeds. The cracking sounds can be
heard through the thick vegetation long before we could see them. As
peccary herds bulldoze through the leaf litter in search for
insects, frogs, seeds, and fruits, they destroy (i.e. snap and
trample) many seedlings and saplings, sometimes leaving only the
bare ground behind," Harald Beck, assistant professor at Towson
University in Maryland, told mongabay.com in an interview.

Indonesia's
forest carbon negotiator named as corruption
suspect

(09/17/2010) Wandojo Siswanto, one of the
lead negotiators for Indonesia's climate delegation in Copenhagen
and a key architect of its Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and
Degradation (REDD) program, has been named as a corruption suspect
by the country's anti-corruption agency, KPK, reports Reuters.

Police
in eastern Madagascar arrest foreign journalist investigating
illegal timber trafficking

(09/17/2010)
Authorities in eastern Madagascar arrested a foreign journalist
investigating illegal rosewood trafficking. The arrest, which took
place twelve days ago, comes as the central government claims to be
cracking down on the illicit rosewood trade. The journalist, whose
name and nationality is being withheld to protect his identity, had
his camera equipment confiscated by the police in Maroantsetra, a
town that is the gateway to Masoala National Park, where much of the
rosewood logging is occurring. The police, accompanied by rosewood
traffickers, forced the journalist to delete images of timber
stockpiles from his camera. The journalist and his guide were then
released.

Brazil's
cerrado wins protection, but will it be enough to save the
wildlife-rich grassland?

(09/15/2010) Brazil
announced a plan to protect the cerrado, the vast woody savanna that
covers 20 percent of the country but has become the nation's biggest
single source of carbon emissions due to conversion for agriculture
and cattle pasture, reports Brazil's Ministry of the Environment.

Is
Amazon.com contributing to forest
destruction?

(09/14/2010) Amazon.com ranks dead
last in a survey of the sustainability of paper sourcing practices
among major retailers and office supply companies.

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Country / Area

Land area

Forest

Forest

Other wooded land

Total area

Area

Annual change rate

Area of primary forest

Annual change rate

Area of forest plantations

2005

1990

2000

1990-2000

2000-2005

Primary

Modified natural

Semi-natural

Production plantation

Protection plantation

1990

2000

2005

1990-2000

2000-2005

1990

2000

2005

Country / Area

1000 ha

% of land area

1000 ha

1000 ha

1000 ha

1000 ha

1000 ha/yr

%

1000 ha/yr

%

1000 ha

1000 ha

1000 ha

1000 ha

1000 ha

1000 ha

1000 ha

1000 ha

ha/yr

ha/yr

1000 ha

1000 ha

1000 ha

Angola

59,104

47.4

-

124,670

60,976

59,728

-125

-0.2

-125

-0.2

0

58,973

0

131

0

0

0

0

0

0

140

134

131

Botswana

11,943

21.1

34,791

58,173

13,718

12,535

-118

-0.9

-118

-1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

British Indian
Ocean Territory

3

32.5

0

8

3

3

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comoros

5

2.9

-

186

12

8

n.s.

-4

-1

-7.4

0

4

0

1

-

0

0

0

0

0

2

2

1

Kenya

3,522

6.2

34,920

58,037

3,708

3,582

-13

-0.3

-12

-0.3

704

2,616

-

202

-

742

716

704

-2,520

-2,400

238

212

202

Lesotho

8

0.3

31

3,035

5

7

n.s.

3.4

n.s.

2.7

1

-

-

7

-

1

1

1

0

0

4

6

7

Madagascar

12,838

22.1

17,054

58,704

13,692

13,023

-67

-0.5

-37

-0.3

10,347

2,198

-

234

59

10,503

10,381

10,347

-12,200

-6,800

293

293

293

Malawi

3,402

36.2

-

11,848

3,896

3,567

-33

-0.9

-33

-0.9

1,132

2,067

-

204

-

1,727

1,330

1,132

-39,700

-39,600

132

180

204

Mauritius

37

18.2

15

204

39

38

n.s.

-0.3

n.s.

-0.5

0

22

n.s.

11

4

0

0

0

0

0

16

15

15

Mayotte

5

14.7

-

37

6

6

n.s.

-0.4

n.s.

-0.4

-

5

-

n.s.

-

-

-

-

-

-

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Mozambique

19,262

24.6

40,919

80,159

20,012

19,512

-50

-0.3

-50

-0.3

-

19,224

-

38

-

-

-

-

-

-

38

38

38

Namibia

7,661

9.3

8,473

82,429

8,762

8,033

-73

-0.9

-74

-0.9

-

7,661

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

RÃˆunion

84

33.6

55

251

87

87

n.s.

-0.1

-1

-0.7

55

6

18

2

2

55

55

55

-30

-20

5

5

5

Seychelles

40

88.9

-

45

40

40

0

0

0

0

2

33

-

5

-

2

2

2

0

0

5

5

5

South Africa

9,203

7.6

21,409

121,909

9,203

9,203

0

0

0

0

-

7,777

-

1,426

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,204

1,352

1,426

Swaziland

541

31.5

289

1,736

472

518

5

0.9

5

0.9

-

395

31

114

-

-

-

-

-

-

135

121

114

Uganda

3,627

18.4

1,150

24,104

4,924

4,059

-86

-1.9

-86

-2.2

-

3,591

-

36

-

-

-

-

-

-

33

35

36

UR Tanzania

35,257

39.9

4,756

94,509

41,441

37,318

-412

-1

-412

-1.1

-

35,107

-

150

-

-

-

-

-

-

150

150

150

Zambia

42,452

57.1

3,161

75,261

49,124

44,676

-445

-0.9

-445

-1

-

42,377

-

75

-

-

-

-

-

-

60

75

75

Zimbabwe

17,540

45.3

-

39,075

22,234

19,105

-313

-1.5

-313

-1.7

-

17,385

-

154

-

-

-

-

-

-

154

154

154

Total Eastern and
Southern Africa

226,534

27.8

167,023

834,380

252,354

235,047

-1,731

-0.7

-1,702

-0.8

Algeria

2,277

1

1,595

238,174

1,790

2,144

35

1.8

27

1.2

-

1,206

316

12

742

-

-

-

-

-

620

652

754

Burkina Faso

6,794

29

7,427

27,400

7,154

6,914

-24

-0.3

-24

-0.3

0

5,918

800

71

5

0

0

0

0

0

33

63

76

Chad

11,921

9.5

9,152

128,400

13,110

12,317

-79

-0.6

-79

-0.7

190

11,716

-

-

15

209

196

190

-1,300

-1,200

11

14

15

Djibouti

6

0.2

220

2,320

6

6

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Egypt

67

0.1

20

100,145

44

59

2

3

2

2.6

-

-

-

1

66

-

-

-

-

-

44

59

67

Eritrea

1,554

15.4

7,257

11,760

1,621

1,576

-4

-0.3

-4

-0.3

-

1,526

-

14

14

-

-

-

-

-

10

22

28

Ethiopia

13,000

11.9

44,650

110,430

15,114

13,705

-141

-1

-141

-1.1

-

12,509

-

491

-

-

-

-

-

-

491

491

491

Libya

217

0.1

330

175,954

217

217

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

217

-

-

-

-

-

217

217

217

Mali

12,572

10.3

16,532

124,019

14,072

13,072

-100

-0.7

-100

-0.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

13,012

-

-

-

-

60

-

Mauritania

267

0.3

3,110

102,552

415

317

-10

-2.7

-10

-3.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

10

-

Morocco

4,364

9.8

406

44,655

4,289

4,328

4

0.1

7

0.2

-

3,754

47

563

-

-

-

-

-

-

478

523

563

Niger

1,266

1

3,740

126,700

1,945

1,328

-62

-3.7

-12

-1

220

936

-

-

110

220

220

220

0

0

-

72

110

Somalia

7,131

11.4

-

63,766

8,282

7,515

-77

-1

-77

-1

-

7,128

-

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

3

3

Sudan

67,546

28.4

-

250,581

76,381

70,491

-589

-0.8

-589

-0.8

13,509

47,282

1,351

4,728

675

15,276

14,098

13,509

-117,807

-117,807

6,111

5,639

5,404

Tunisia

1,056

6.8

170

16,361

643

959

32

4.1

19

1.9

-

320

238

150

348

-

-

-

-

-

226

423

498

Western Sahara

1,011

3.8

-

26,600

1,011

1,011

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Total Northern Africa

131,048

8.6

94,609

1,549,817

146,093

135,958

-1,013

-0.7

-982

-0.7

Benin

2,351

21.3

3,959

11,262

3,322

2,675

-65

-2.1

-65

-2.5

-

2,237

-

114

-

-

-

-

-

-

98

109

114

Burundi

152

5.9

722

2,783

289

198

-9

-3.7

-9

-5.2

0

67

0

86

0

-

0

0

-

0

-

86

86

Cameroon

21,245

45.6

14,758

47,544

24,545

22,345

-220

-0.9

-220

-1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Cape Verde

84

20.7

-

403

58

82

2

3.6

n.s.

0.4

-

-

-

67

17

-

-

-

-

-

58

82

84

Central African Republic

22,755

36.5

10,122

62,298

23,203

22,903

-30

-0.1

-30

-0.1

-

22,750

-

5

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

4

5

Congo

22,471

65.8

10,547

34,200

22,726

22,556

-17

-0.1

-17

-0.1

7,464

14,957

-

51

-

7,548

7,492

7,464

-5,647

-5,647

51

51

51

CÃ™te d'Ivoire

10,405

32.7

2,626

32,246

10,222

10,328

11

0.1

15

0.1

625

9,443

0

337

0

625

625

625

0

0

154

261

337

DR Congo

133,610

58.9

83,277

234,486

140,531

135,207

-532

-0.4

-319

-0.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Equatorial Guinea

1,632

58.2

31

2,805

1,860

1,708

-15

-0.8

-15

-0.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gabon

21,775

84.5

-

26,767

21,927

21,826

-10

n.s.

-10

n.s.

-

-

-

36

-

-

-

-

-

-

36

36

36

Gambia

471

41.7

125

1,130

442

461

2

0.4

2

0.4

-

471

-

n.s.

-

-

-

-

-

-

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Ghana

5,517

24.2

0

23,854

7,448

6,094

-135

-2

-115

-2

353

5,004

-

160

-

353

353

353

0

0

50

60

160

Guinea

6,724

27.4

5,850

24,586

7,408

6,904

-50

-0.7

-36

-0.5

63

6,568

60

30

3

63

63

63

0

0

17

22

33

Guinea-Bissau

2,072

73.7

236

3,612

2,216

2,120

-10

-0.4

-10

-0.5

940

1,132

-

0

n.s.

940

940

940

0

0

n.s.

n.s.

1

Liberia

3,154

32.7

0

11,137

4,058

3,455

-60

-1.6

-60

-1.8

129

3,017

-

8

-

129

129

129

0

0

8

8

8

Nigeria

11,089

12.2

5,495

92,377

17,234

13,137

-410

-2.7

-410

-3.3

326

10,414

0

349

0

1,556

736

326

-82,000

-82,000

251

316

349

Rwanda

480

19.5

61

2,634

318

344

3

0.8

27

6.9

0

62

-

367

52

0

0

0

0

0

248

282

419

Saint Helena

2

6.5

0

31

2

2

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Sao Tome and Principe

27

28.4

29

96

27

27

0

0

0

0

12

16

-

-

-

12

12

12

0

0

-

-

-

Senegal

8,673

45

5,001

19,672

9,348

8,898

-45

-0.5

-45

-0.5

1,598

6,710

-

332

33

1,759

1,653

1,598

-10,600

-11,000

205

306

365

Sierra Leone

2,754

38.5

384

7,174

3,044

2,851

-19

-0.7

-19

-0.7

-

2,751

-

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

3

3

Togo

386

7.1

1,246

5,679

685

486

-20

-3.4

-20

-4.5

0

348

-

30

8

0

0

0

0

0

24

34

38

Total Western and
Central Africa

277,829

44.1

144,468

646,776

300,914

284,608

-1,631

-0.6

-1,356

-0.5

Total Africa

635,412

21.4

406,100

3,030,974

699,361

655,613

-4,375

-0.7

-4,040

-0.6

China

197,290

21.2

87,615

959,805

157,141

177,001

1,986

1.2

4,058

2.2

11,632

114,332

39,957

28,530

2,839

11,632

11,632

11,632

0

0

18,466

23,924

31,369

DPR Korea

6,187

51.4

-

12,054

8,201

6,821

-138

-1.8

-127

-1.9

852

-

5,335

-

-

1,129

939

852

-19,000

-17,400

-

-

-

Japan

24,868

68.2

-

37,780

24,950

24,876

-7

n.s.

-2

n.s.

4,591

9,955

-

-

10,321

3,764

4,054

4,591

29,000

107,400

10,287

10,331

10,321

Mongolia

10,252

6.5

2,388

156,650

11,492

10,665

-83

-0.7

-83

-0.8

4,733

5,407

-

112

-

5,540

4,923

4,733

-61,700

-38,000

30

75

112

Republic of Korea

6,265

63.5

-

9,926

6,371

6,300

-7

-0.1

-7

-0.1

-

4,901

-

1,364

-

-

-

-

-

-

748

1,188

1,364

Total East Asia

244,862

21.3

90,003

1,176,215

208,155

225,663

1,751

0.8

3,840

1.6

Bangladesh

871

6.7

58

14,400

882

884

n.s.

n.s.

-2

-0.3

-

592

-

195

84

-

-

-

-

-

239

276

279

Bhutan

3,195

68

611

4,700

3,035

3,141

11

0.3

11

0.3

413

2,529

251

2

0

413

413

413

0

0

1

1

2

Brunei Darussalam

278

52.8

160

577

313

288

-2

-0.8

-2

-0.7

278

-

-

-

-

313

288

278

-2,500

-2,000

-

-

-

Cambodia

10,447

59.2

270

18,104

12,946

11,541

-140

-1.1

-219

-2

122

10,266

0

59

-

766

456

122

-31,000

-66,800

67

72

59

India

67,701

22.8

4,110

328,726

63,939

67,554

362

0.6

29

n.s.

-

32,943

31,532

1,053

2,173

-

-

-

-

-

1,954

2,805

3,226

Indonesia

88,495

48.8

-

190,457

116,567

97,852

-1,872

-1.7

-1,871

-2

48,702

-

36,394

3,399

-

70,419

55,941

48,702

-1,447,800

-1,447,800

2,209

3,002

3,399

Lao PDR

16,142

69.9

4,643

23,680

17,314

16,532

-78

-0.5

-78

-0.5

1,490

14,428

-

223

1

1,490

1,490

1,490

0

0

4

99

224

Malaysia

20,890

63.6

-

32,975

22,376

21,591

-78

-0.4

-140

-0.7

3,820

-

15,497

1,573

-

3,820

3,820

3,820

0

0

1,956

1,659

1,573

Maldives

1

3

0

30

1

1

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Myanmar

32,222

49

10,834

67,658

39,219

34,554

-466

-1.3

-466

-1.4

0

31,373

0

696

153

0

0

0

0

0

394

696

849

Nepal

3,636

25.4

1,897

14,718

4,817

3,900

-92

-2.1

-53

-1.4

349

384

2,850

43

10

391

384

349

-700

-7,000

49

52

53

Pakistan

1,902

2.5

1,389

79,610

2,527

2,116

-41

-1.8

-43

-2.1

-

1,584

-

318

-

-

-

-

-

-

234

296

318

Philippines

7,162

24

3,611

30,000

10,574

7,949

-262

-2.8

-157

-2.1

829

5,713

-

304

316

829

829

829

0

0

1,780

852

620

Singapore

2

3.4

0

68

2

2

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

2

2

2

0

0

0

0

0

Sri Lanka

1,933

29.9

0

6,561

2,350

2,082

-27

-1.2

-30

-1.5

167

1,571

-

171

24

257

197

167

-6,000

-6,000

242

221

195

Thailand

14,520

28.4

-

51,312

15,965

14,814

-115

-0.7

-59

-0.4

6,451

4,970

-

1,997

1,102

6,451

6,451

6,451

0

0

2,640

3,077

3,099

Timor-Leste

798

53.7

-

1,487

966

854

-11

-1.2

-11

-1.3

-

755

-

-

43

-

-

-

-

-

29

43

43

Viet Nam

12,931

39.7

2,259

33,169

9,363

11,725

236

2.3

241

2

85

10,151

-

1,792

903

384

187

85

-19,700

-20,400

967

2,050

2,695

Total South and
South-east Asia

283,127

33.4

29,842

898,232

323,156

297,380

-2,578

-0.9

-2,851

-1

Afghanistan

867

1.3

-

65,209

1,309

1,015

-29

-2.5

-30

-3.1

-

867

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Armenia

321

11.4

44

2,980

336

344

1

0.2

-5

-1.4

16

295

0

0

10

17

17

16

40

-280

14

11

10

Azerbaijan

936

11.3

54

8,660

936

936

0

0

0

0

400

516

-

-

20

400

400

400

0

0

20

20

20

Bahrain

n.s.

0.6

0

71

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

5.6

n.s.

3.8

-

-

-

-

n.s.

-

-

-

-

-

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Cyprus

174

18.9

214

925

161

173

1

0.7

n.s.

0.2

22

111

36

0

5

22

22

22

0

0

3

3

5

Georgia

2,760

39.7

50

6,970

2,760

2,760

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

500

2,200

0

0

60

500

500

500

0

0

54

60

60

Iran

11,075

6.8

5,340

164,820

11,075

11,075

0

0

0

0

200

10,031

228

616

-

200

200

200

0

0

616

616

616

Iraq

822

1.9

927

43,832

804

818

1

0.2

1

0.1

0

809

0

0

13

0

0

0

0

0

15

15

13

Israel

171

8.3

85

2,106

154

164

1

0.6

1

0.8

-

70

-

-

101

-

-

-

-

-

84

94

101

Jordan

83

0.9

52

8,921

83

83

0

0

0

0

0

37

6

0

40

0

0

0

0

0

40

40

40

Kazakhstan

3,337

1.2

15,622

272,490

3,422

3,365

-6

-0.2

-6

-0.2

0

2,428

0

0

909

0

0

0

0

0

1,034

1,056

909

Kuwait

6

0.3

0

1,782

3

5

n.s.

3.5

n.s.

2.7

-

-

-

-

6

-

-

-

-

-

3

5

6

Kyrgyzstan

869

4.5

313

19,990

836

858

2

0.3

2

0.3

241

562

-

24

42

237

240

241

250

260

46

59

66

Lebanon

136

13.3

106

1,040

121

131

1

0.8

1

0.8

0

129

0

8

0

-

-

0

-

-

-

-

8

Oman

2

n.s.

1,303

21,246

2

2

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

2

-

-

-

-

-

2

2

2

Palestine

9

1.5

-

621

9

9

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Qatar

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

1,100

n.s.

n.s.

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Saudi Arabia

2,728

1.3

34,155

214,969

2,728

2,728

0

0

0

0

-

2,728

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Syria

461

2.5

35

18,518

372

432

6

1.5

6

1.3

-

198

-

-

264

-

-

-

-

-

175

234

264

Tajikistan

410

2.9

142

14,255

408

410

n.s.

n.s.

0

0

297

12

35

22

44

297

297

297

0

0

76

66

66

Turkey

10,175

13.2

10,689

77,482

9,680

10,052

37

0.4

25

0.2

975

5,925

738

1,916

621

739

897

975

15,800

15,600

1,839

2,304

2,537

Turkmenistan

4,127

8.8

0

48,810

4,127

4,127

0

0

0

0

104

4,023

-

0

-

104

104

104

0

0

0

0

0

United Arab Emirates

312

3.7

4

8,360

245

310

6

2.4

n.s.

0.1

0

0

0

0

312

0

0

0

0

0

245

310

312

Uzbekistan

3,295

8

904

44,740

3,045

3,212

17

0.5

17

0.5

57

2,643

534

5

56

57

57

57

0

0

30

51

61

Yemen

549

1

1,406

52,797

549

549

0

0

0

0

-

161

388

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Total Western and
Central Asia

43,626

4

71,446

1,102,695

43,166

43,558

39

0.1

14

n.s.

Total Asia

571,615

18.5

191,291

3,177,142

574,477

566,601

-788

-0.1

1,003

0.2

Albania

794

29

261

2,875

789

769

-2

-0.3

5

0.6

85

621

0

3

86

85

85

85

0

0

103

96

88

Andorra

16

35.6

-

45

16

16

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Austria

3,862

46.7

118

8,386

3,776

3,838

6

0.2

5

0.1

-

-

-

-

-

117

119

-

200

-

988

1,003

-

Belarus

7,894

38

914

20,760

7,376

7,848

47

0.6

9

0.1

400

5,712

1,780

2

-

400

400

400

0

0

2

2

2

Belgium

667

22

27

3,053

677

667

-1

-0.1

0

0

0

0

392

275

0

0

0

0

0

0

303

284

275

Bosnia and Herzegovina

2,185

43.1

549

5,120

2,210

2,185

-2

-0.1

0

0

2

1,184

857

142

-

-

2

2

-

0

-

142

142

Bulgaria

3,625

32.8

27

11,099

3,327

3,375

5

0.1

50

1.4

-

-

-

-

-

267

396

-

12,900

-

40

48

-

Channel Islands

1

4.1

0

19

1

1

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Croatia

2,135

38.2

346

5,654

2,116

2,129

1

0.1

1

0.1

10

2,063

0

61

0

10

10

10

0

0

56

60

61

Czech Republic

2,648

34.3

0

7,887

2,630

2,637

1

n.s.

2

0.1

0

14

2,634

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Denmark

500

11.8

136

4,309

445

486

4

0.9

3

0.6

0

6

179

281

34

0

0

0

0

0

291

305

315

Estonia

2,284

53.9

82

4,523

2,163

2,243

8

0.4

8

0.4

142

1,390

751

1

0

-

137

142

-

1,000

-

1

1

Faeroe Islands

n.s.

0.1

-

140

n.s.

n.s.

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Finland

22,500

73.9

802

33,814

22,194

22,475

28

0.1

5

n.s.

1,419

0

21,081

0

0

1,491

1,418

1,419

-7,300

200

0

0

0

France

15,554

28.3

1,708

55,150

14,538

15,351

81

0.5

41

0.3

30

-

13,556

1,968

-

30

30

30

0

0

1,842

1,936

1,968

Germany

11,076

31.7

-

35,703

10,741

11,076

34

0.3

0

0

0

0

11,076

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Gibraltar

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

-

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Greece

3,752

29.1

2,780

13,196

3,299

3,601

30

0.9

30

0.8

0

3,618

0

0

134

0

0

0

0

0

118

129

134

Holy See

0

0

0

n.s.

0

0

0

-

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Hungary

1,976

21.5

0

9,303

1,801

1,907

11

0.6

14

0.7

0

415

1,016

454

91

0

0

0

0

0

431

528

545

Iceland

46

0.5

104

10,300

25

38

1

4.3

2

3.9

0

17

0

17

12

0

0

0

0

0

8

21

29

Ireland

669

9.7

41

7,027

441

609

17

3.3

12

1.9

0

0

90

579

0

1

0

0

-100

0

350

519

579

Isle of Man

3

6.1

0

57

3

3

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Italy

9,979

33.9

1,047

30,134

8,383

9,447

106

1.2

106

1.1

-

-

-

146

-

160

160

-

0

-

289

144

146

Latvia

2,941

47.4

115

6,460

2,775

2,885

11

0.4

11

0.4

14

2,282

644

1

0

-

15

14

-

-280

-

n.s.

1

Liechtenstein

7

43.1

0

16

6

7

n.s.

0.6

0

0

2

5

-

n.s.

-

2

2

2

0

0

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Lithuania

2,099

33.5

77

6,530

1,945

2,020

8

0.4

16

0.8

26

1,548

384

100

41

20

21

26

100

1,000

124

137

141

Luxembourg

87

33.5

1

259

86

87

n.s.

0.1

0

0

-

-

58

28

-

-

-

-

-

-

28

28

28

Macedonia

906

35.8

82

2,571

906

906

0

0

0

0

0

876

-

30

-

0

0

0

0

0

30

30

30

Malta

n.s.

1.1

0

32

n.s.

n.s.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

n.s.

0

0

0

0

0

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Monaco

0

0

0

n.s.

0

0

0

-

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Netherlands

365

10.8

0

4,153

345

360

2

0.4

1

0.3

0

0

361

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

4

4

Norway

9,387

30.7

2,613

32,376

9,130

9,301

17

0.2

17

0.2

250

-

8,875

262

-

250

250

250

0

0

222

255

262

Poland

9,192

30

-

31,269

8,881

9,059

18

0.2

27

0.3

53

-

9,107

32

-

30

51

53

2,100

400

32

32

32

Portugal

3,783

41.3

84

9,198

3,099

3,583

48

1.5

40

1.1

55

-

2,494

1,067

167

55

55

55

0

0

550

1,034

1,234

Republic of Moldova

329

10

31

3,384

319

326

1

0.2

1

0.2

0

328

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

Romania

6,370

27.7

258

23,839

6,371

6,366

0

n.s.

1

n.s.

233

651

5,339

92

57

233

233

233

0

0

149

149

149

Russian Federation

808,790

47.9

74,185

1,707,540

808,950

809,268

32

n.s.

-96

n.s.

255,470

536,358

-

11,888

5,075

241,726

258,131

255,470

1,640,510

-532,200

12,651

15,360

16,962

San Marino

n.s.

1.6

0

6

n.s.

n.s.

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Serbia and Montenegro

2,694

26.4

808

10,217

2,559

2,649

9

0.3

9

0.3

4

115

2,536

39

0

4

4

4

0

0

39

39

39

Slovakia

1,929

40.1

-

4,901

1,922

1,921

n.s.

n.s.

2

0.1

24

946

940

17

2

24

24

24

0

0

23

20

19

Slovenia

1,264

62.8

44

2,027

1,188

1,239

5

0.4

5

0.4

119

1,107

38

0

0

63

95

119

3,200

4,800

0

0

0

Spain

17,915

35.9

10,299

50,599

13,479

16,436

296

2

296

1.7

812

11,582

4,050

1,471

0

621

748

812

12,700

12,800

1,126

1,356

1,471

Sweden

27,528

66.9

3,257

44,996

27,367

27,474

11

n.s.

11

n.s.

4,726

-

22,135

667

0

4,348

4,600

4,726

25,200

25,200

523

619

667

Switzerland

1,221

30.9

67

4,129

1,155

1,199

4

0.4

4

0.4

14

15

1,188

4

0

3

6

14

300

1,600

3

4

4

Ukraine

9,575

16.5

41

60,370

9,274

9,510

24

0.3

13

0.1

59

4,729

4,399

81

307

59

59

59

0

0

325

367

388

United Kingdom

2,845

11.8

20

24,291

2,611

2,793

18

0.7

10

0.4

0

646

275

1,902

22

0

0

0

0

0

1,877

1,934

1,924

Total Europe

1,001,394

44.3

100,925

2,297,719

989,320

998,091

877

0.1

661

0.1

Anguilla

6

71.4

-

8

6

6

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Antigua and Barbuda

9

21.4

16

44

9

9

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Aruba

n.s.

2.2

0

19

n.s.

n.s.

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Bahamas

515

51.5

36

1,388

515

515

0

0

0

0

-

515

-

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

0

0

0

Barbados

2

4

-

43

2

2

0

0

0

0

-

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Bermuda

1

20

0

5

1

1

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

British Virgin Islands

4

24.4

2

15

4

4

n.s.

-0.1

n.s.

-0.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Cayman Islands

12

48.4

4

26

12

12

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Cuba

2,713

24.7

260

11,086

2,058

2,435

38

1.7

56

2.2

-

2,319

-

230

164

-

-

-

-

-

347

342

394

Dominica

46

61.3

n.s.

75

50

47

n.s.

-0.5

n.s.

-0.6

27

19

0

n.s.

-

28

28

27

-86

-84

-

n.s.

n.s.

Dominican Republic

1,376

28.4

678

4,873

1,376

1,376

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Grenada

4

12.2

5

34

4

4

n.s.

n.s.

0

0

1

3

-

n.s.

-

1

1

1

-22

-23

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Guadeloupe

80

47.2

2

171

84

81

n.s.

-0.3

n.s.

-0.3

19

58

2

1

0

19

19

19

0

0

3

1

1

Haiti

105

3.8

-

2,775

116

109

-1

-0.6

-1

-0.7

-

81

-

24

-

-

-

-

-

-

12

20

24

Jamaica

339

31.3

188

1,099

345

341

n.s.

-0.1

n.s.

-0.1

-

325

-

8

6

-

-

-

-

-

15

14

14

Martinique

46

43.9

-

110

46

46

0

0

0

0

-

45

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

1

Montserrat

4

35

-

10

4

4

0

0

0

0

-

4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Netherlands Antilles

1

1.5

33

80

1

1

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Puerto Rico

408

46

-

895

404

407

n.s.

0.1

n.s.

n.s.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Saint Kitts and Nevis

5

14.7

6

36

5

5

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Saint Lucia

17

27.9

5

62

17

17

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines

11

27.4

2

39

9

10

n.s.

0.8

n.s.

0.8

-

10

-

n.s.

-

-

-

-

-

-

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Trinidad and Tobago

226

44.1

74

513

235

228

-1

-0.3

n.s.

-0.2

14

197

0

15

0

14

14

14

0

0

15

15

15

Turks and
Caicos Islands

34

80

-

43

34

34

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

United States
Virgin Islands

10

27.9

-

34

12

10

n.s.

-1.3

n.s.

-1.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Total Caribbean

5,974

26.1

1,310

23,482

5,350

5,706

36

0.6

54

0.9

Belize

1,653

72.5

115

2,296

1,653

1,653

0

0

0

0

612

1,041

-

-

-

612

612

612

0

0

-

-

-

Costa Rica

2,391

46.8

10

5,110

2,564

2,376

-19

-0.8

3

0.1

180

1,319

888

1

3

255

180

180

-7,500

0

-

3

4

El Salvador

298

14.4

201

2,104

375

324

-5

-1.5

-5

-1.7

6

286

-

6

-

6

6

6

0

0

6

6

6

Guatemala

3,938

36.3

1,672

10,889

4,748

4,208

-54

-1.2

-54

-1.3

1,957

1,859

-

122

-

2,359

2,091

1,957

-26,789

-26,834

32

88

122

Honduras

4,648

41.5

710

11,209

7,385

5,430

-196

-3

-156

-3.1

1,512

2,261

845

-

30

1,512

1,512

1,512

0

0

31

26

30

Nicaragua

5,189

42.7

1,022

13,000

6,538

5,539

-100

-1.6

-70

-1.3

1,849

3,289

-

51

-

1,849

1,849

1,849

0

0

4

46

51

Panama

4,294

57.7

1,288

7,552

4,376

4,307

-7

-0.2

-3

-0.1

3,023

1,210

0

60

1

3,706

3,239

3,023

-46,700

-43,200

10

42

61

Total Central America

22,411

43.9

5,018

52,160

27,639

23,837

-380

-1.6

-285

-1.3

Canada

310,134

33.6

91,951

997,061

310,134

310,134

0

0

0

0

165,424

144,710

-

-

-

165,424

165,424

165,424

0

0

-

-

-

Greenland

n.s.

n.s.

8

41,045

n.s.

n.s.

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Mexico

64,238

33.7

19,908

195,820

69,016

65,540

-348

-0.5

-260

-0.4

32,850

30,330

-

72

986

38,775

34,825

32,850

-395,000

-395,000

-

1,058

1,058

Saint Pierre and
Miquelon

3

13

-

24

3

3

0

0

0

0

-

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

United States of America

303,089

33.1

-

962,909

298,648

302,294

365

0.1

159

0.1

104,182

175,523

6,323

17,061

-

105,268

105,258

104,182

-1,000

-215,200

10,305

16,274

17,061

Total North America

677,464

32.7

111,866

2,196,859

677,801

677,971

17

n.s.

-101

n.s.

Total North and
Central America

705,849

32.9

118,194

2,272,501

710,790

707,514

-328

n.s.

-333

n.s.

American Samoa

18

89.4

-

20

18

18

n.s.

-0.2

n.s.

-0.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Australia

163,678

21.3

421,590

774,122

167,904

164,645

-326

-0.2

-193

-0.1

5,233

156,679

-

1,766

-

-

5,233

5,233

-

0

1,023

1,485

1,766

Cook Islands

16

66.5

-

23

15

16

n.s.

0.4

0

0

-

14

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

0

1

1

Fiji

1,000

54.7

-

1,827

979

1,000

2

0.2

0

0

894

5

-

101

-

895

894

894

-100

0

80

101

101

French Polynesia

105

28.7

-

400

105

105

0

0

0

0

-

95

-

10

-

-

-

-

-

-

10

10

10

Guam

26

47.1

0

55

26

26

n.s.

n.s.

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Kiribati

2

3

-

73

2

2

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Marshall Islands

-

-

-

18

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Micronesia

63

90.6

-

70

63

63

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Nauru

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

-

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

New Caledonia

717

39.2

787

1,858

717

717

0

0

0

0

431

277

-

10

-

431

431

431

0

0

10

10

10

New Zealand

8,309

31

2,557

27,053

7,720

8,226

51

0.6

17

0.2

3,506

2,951

-

1,832

20

3,506

3,506

3,506

0

0

1,261

1,769

1,852

Niue

14

54.2

-

26

17

15

n.s.

-1.3

n.s.

-1.4

-

14

-

n.s.

-

-

-

-

-

-

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Northern Mariana Islands

33

72.4

-

46

35

34

n.s.

-0.3

n.s.

-0.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Palau

40

87.6

-

46

38

40

n.s.

0.4

n.s.

0.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Papua New Guinea

29,437

65

4,474

46,284

31,523

30,132

-139

-0.5

-139

-0.5

25,211

4,134

-

92

-

29,210

26,462

25,211

-274,800

-250,200

63

82

92

Pitcairn

4

83.3

0

4

4

4

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Samoa

171

60.4

22

284

130

171

4

2.8

0

0

n.s.

110

29

21

11

-

n.s.

n.s.

-

0

-

32

32

Solomon Islands

2,172

77.6

-

2,890

2,768

2,371

-40

-1.5

-40

-1.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tokelau

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

-

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tonga

4

5

1

75

4

4

0

0

0

0

-

4

-

n.s.

-

-

-

-

-

-

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Tuvalu

1

33.3

0

3

1

1

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Vanuatu

440

36.1

476

1,219

440

440

0

0

0

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Wallis and Futuna Islands

5

35.3

1

14

6

5

n.s.

-0.8

n.s.

-2

n.s.

4

0

1

0

0

n.s.

n.s.

-2

-6

n.s.

0

1

Total Oceania

206,254

24.3

429,908

856,414

212,514

208,034

-448

-0.2

-356

-0.2

Argentina

33,021

12.1

60,961

278,040

35,262

33,770

-149

-0.4

-150

-0.4

-

31,792

-

1,229

-

-

-

-

-

-

769

1,078

1,229

Bolivia

58,740

54.2

2,473

109,858

62,795

60,091

-270

-0.4

-270

-0.5

29,360

29,360

-

20

-

31,388

30,036

29,360

-135,200

-135,200

20

20

20

Brazil

477,698

57.2

-

851,488

520,027

493,213

-2,681

-0.5

-3,103

-0.6

415,890

56,424

-

5,384

-

460,513

433,220

415,890

-2,729,300

-3,466,000

5,070

5,279

5,384

Chile

16,121

21.5

13,241

75,663

15,263

15,834

57

0.4

57

0.4

4,142

9,292

26

2,661

0

4,152

4,145

4,142

-700

-600

1,741

2,354

2,661

Colombia

60,728

58.5

18,202

113,891

61,439

60,963

-48

-0.1

-47

-0.1

53,062

7,337

-

312

16

53,854

53,343

53,062

-51,050

-56,160

136

254

328

Ecuador

10,853

39.2

1,448

28,356

13,817

11,841

-198

-1.5

-198

-1.7

4,794

5,895

-

164

-

4,794

4,794

4,794

20

-40

-

162

164

Falkland Islands

0

0

0

1,217

0

0

0

-

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

French Guiana

8,063

91.8

0

9,000

8,091

8,063

-3

n.s.

0

0

7,701

361

0

1

0

7,909

7,761

7,701

-14,800

-12,000

1

1

1

Guyana

15,104

76.7

3,580

21,497

15,104

15,104

n.s.

n.s.

0

0

9,314

5,789

-

-

-

-

9,314

9,314

-

0

-

-

-

Paraguay

18,475

46.5

-

40,675

21,157

19,368

-179

-0.9

-179

-0.9

1,850

16,582

-

43

-

1,850

1,850

1,850

0

0

23

36

43

Peru

68,742

53.7

22,132

128,522

70,156

69,213

-94

-0.1

-94

-0.1

61,065

6,923

0

754

-

62,910

62,188

61,065

-72,200

-224,600

263

715

754

South Georgia and
the South Sandwich Islands

0

0

0

409

0

0

0

-

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Suriname

14,776

94.7

-

16,327

14,776

14,776

0

0

0

0

14,214

550

5

7

0

14,214

14,214

14,214

0

0

7

7

7

Uruguay

1,506

8.6

4

17,622

1,123

1,409

29

2.3

19

1.3

296

444

-

751

15

239

296

296

5,700

0

419

669

766

Venezuela

47,713

54.1

7,369

91,205

52,026

49,151

-288

-0.6

-288

-0.6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Total South America

831,540

47.7

129,409

1,783,770

891,036

852,796

-3,824

-0.4

-4,251

-0.5

Total World

3,952,063

30.3

1,375,828

13,418,518

4,077,498

3,988,649

-8,885

-0.2

-7,317

-0.2

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Copyright Rhett Butler
1994-2005

"Rainforest" is used
interchangeably with "rain forest" on this site.
Same for "rainforests"
and "rain forests". "Jungle" is generally not used.